In North America, for example, the month of September had only 19 days, as the day count went straight from September 2 to September 14 see illustration. However, only five countries adopted the new calendar system that year—namely, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and most of France.
Since the discrepancy between the Julian calendar year and the astronomical seasons kept growing over time in the centuries that followed, more days had to be skipped in countries that switched to the Gregorian calendar in later years. Some countries, such as Russia, Greece, and Turkey, switched calendars as late as the early 20th century, so they had to omit 13 days see table. In total, more than three centuries passed until the Gregorian calendar had been adopted in all countries, from to The table below shows when the calendar reform occurred in some countries, including the first and the last.
Note: The list only includes countries that officially used the Julian calendar before the Gregorian calendar was introduced; countries that switched from a different calendar system to the Gregorian calendar, such as Saudi Arabia in , are excluded.
In some cases, it shows a simplified version of events. Each country is listed by its current name, although its official name may have changed since the calendar reform. The original goal of the Gregorian calendar was to change the date of Easter. This concerned Gregory because it meant that Easter, traditionally observed on March 21, fell further away from the spring equinox with each passing year.
The Julian calendar included an extra day in February every four years. But Aloysus Lilius, the Italian scientist who developed the system Pope Gregory would unveil in , realized that the addition of so many days made the calendar slightly too long. He devised a variation that adds leap days in years divisible by four, unless the year is also divisible by In England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales that year, as well as the colonies, the day following 2 September would be 14 September Several reliable authorities claim that many country folk insisted on celebrating Christmas Day on what was now 5 January, and continued to do so for a long time afterwards.
When it was finally accepted, it affected when taxes were due and changed religious dates, such as saints days and Easter. This calendar employed a cycle of three years of days, followed by a year of days leap year. When first implemented, the "Julian Calendar" also moved the beginning of the year from March 1 to January 1. However, following the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, the new year was gradually realigned to coincide with Christian festivals until by the seventh century, Christmas Day marked the beginning of the new year in many countries.
By the ninth century, parts of southern Europe began observing first day of the new year on March 25 to coincide with Annunciation Day the church holiday nine months prior to Christmas celebrating the Angel Gabriel's revelation to the Virgin Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah.
The last day of the year was March However, England did not adopt this change in the beginning of the new year until late in the twelfth century. Because the year began in March, records referring to the "first month" pertain to March; to the second month pertain to April, etc. In fact, in Latin, September means seventh month, October means eighth month, November means ninth month, and December means tenth month.
Use of numbers, rather than names, of months was especially prevalent in Quaker records. The Gregorian Calendar During the Middle Ages, it began to became apparent that the Julian leap year formula had overcompensated for the actual length of a solar year, having added an extra day every years. However, no adjustments were made to compensate.
0コメント