He had emigrated in June when his older brother Louis XVI made his abortive flight to Varennes and had spent the next 2 decades wandering about Europe. After having sojourned in Germany, Italy, Poland, and Russia, he had repaired to England , where he joined his brother the Count of Artois.
Having rejected the constitution hastily drafted by the Napoleonic Senate, Louis promulgated one of his own June 4. The Charter of established a liberal constitutional monarchy and preserved many of the reforms of the Revolution. Disgusted by the king's program of reconciliation, some ultraroyalists talked of a coup against "King Voltaire, " and others complained that Louis had merely taken over Bonaparte's throne.
Napoleon, however, wanted it back and returned for the Hundred Days March-June , during which the court lived in exile at Ghent. After Waterloo, the Allies again restored July 8 the Bourbons, but this time a wave of hysteria known as the White Terror seized the country and swept an ultraroyalist majority into the Chamber of Deputies.
When Charles X issued four repressive ordinances in , the July Revolution led to a loss of control for the monarchy. Louis-Philippe stepped into the power vacuum and was elected lieutenant general of France. Although he was not welcomed by republicans, nor by those who felt he was an illegitimate king Charles X had abdicated in favor of his grandson, so "Legitimists" considered Louis-Philippe a usurper , Louis-Philippe was popular when he first took power.
He had been sworn in under a revised governing charter, which limited the king's power, and was described as the "citizen king" of the French. As he had taken power after the July Revolution, his reign was known as the July Monarchy.
Louis-Philippe disappointed the country, and many of his supporters, when he began to govern as an autocrat. As France faced economic troubles, more uprisings took place throughout the s. Louis-Philippe clamped down on dissent and put down worker insurrections. He soon gained a reputation for supporting the interests of the rich, and was resented by the poorer classes. During his reign, Louis-Philippe escaped from eight assassination attempts.
Following a period of economic stability in the s, France experienced a depression in This trouble, combined with rejected demands for expanded suffrage, led to another revolution in Louis-Philippe abdicated the throne on February 24, fleeing to England as "Mr.
After the Hundred Days, a harsher peace treaty was imposed on France, returning it to its boundaries and requiring a war indemnity. Allied troops were to remain in the country until it was paid. He and his ministry embarked on a series of reforms through the summer of Prime Minister of France. In August, elections for the Chamber of Deputies returned unfavorable results for Talleyrand.
The ministry wished for moderate deputies, but the electorate voted almost exclusively for ultra-royalists. Talleyrand tendered his resignation on September Anti-Napoleonic sentiment was high in Southern France, and this was prominently displayed in the White Terror, the purge of all important Napoleonic officials from government and the execution of others.
The people of France committed barbarous acts against some of these officials. The White Terror claimed victims. The king was reluctant to shed blood, which greatly irritated the ultra-reactionary Chamber of Deputies, who felt that Louis XVIII was not executing enough people. That same declaration banned any member of the House of Bonaparte from owning property in or entering France.
The British objected as this brought back memories of the still recent Peninsular War. However, the French troops marched into Spain, retook Madrid from the rebels, and left almost as quickly as they came. Despite worries to the contrary, France showed no sign of returning to an aggressive foreign policy and was admitted to the Concert of Europe in Privacy Policy. Skip to main content.
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